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Sampling Procedure

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5. SAMPLING PROCEDURE

The TMP list of indicators to be measured is defined on the basis of analysis of the existing transboundary problems of the Dnipro basin, specifics of water-quality formation in the Dnipro basin transboundary watercourses, effect of anthropogenic loading, transboundary transfer of contaminants.

In accordance with the strategy adopted, the TMP’s routine monitoring schedule to be carried out on a regular basis comprises a shortened list of indicators. A full list of indicators, including indicators of contaminant concentration in bottom sediments and bioaccumulation indicators, will only be defined as a result of expeditionary inspections constituting an integral part of the TMP. It is expected that such inspections will make it possible to refine the list of ingredients and indicators for subsequent stages of TMP development.

The rate of sampling under the basic monitoring schedule is established based on the analysis of variability of indicators and practices adopted for other transboundary rivers at a rate of at least 12 times a year. For Stage 1, it is admissible to begin with the periodicity of observation of 6 times a year and gradually increase it to 12 times a year.

A special sampling regime is set for stations which evaluate transboundary loading (mass transfer). To increase the accuracy and validity of evaluations by taking into account the specifics of the hydrologic regime of watercourses at the corresponding stations included in the sub-programme for evaluation of mass transfer volumes, the following sampling schedules are established:

- in spring (March, April, May), samples relevant to mass transfer evaluation are to be taken once in every two weeks;

- in the rest of the year, samples are to be taken once a month.

Thus, the total rate of sampling for this group of stations is 15 times a year.

The overall list of indicators for Stage 1 and 2 of TMP development is given in Table 2.

Table 2. List of indicators for Stage 1 and 2 of TMP development

Ref. No.^[1]	Indicator	Unit of measurem’t	Programme type	Sampling rate, times/year^[2]
1	2	3	4	5
Hydrologic characteristics
1	Water flow rate	m³/s	Basic programme (BP)	Daily^[3]
1	Water flow rate	m³/s	Basic programme (BP)	During sampling on chemical analysis
Physical characteristics and gas analysis of water
2	Temperature	°С	BP	6-12; 15 for suspended solids^[4]*
3	Colour	grad.
4	Turbidity	m
5	Suspended solids	mg/l
6	рН	рН units
7	Dissolved oxygen	mg O₂/l
8	Specific conductance	μS/cm
Concentrations of major ions, water
9	Chloride	mg Cl/l	BP	6-12
10	Sulphate	mg SO₄/l	BP	6-12
11	Hydrocarbon	mg HCO₃/l	Expedition survey (ES)
12	Magnesium	mg Mg/l
13	Calcium	mg Ca/l
14	Sodium	mg Na/l
15	Potassium	mg K/l
Organic materials, water
16	BOD₅	mg O/l	BP	6-12, 15*
17	COD_Cr	mg O/l	BP	6-12, 15*
18	Petroleum products	mg/l		6-12, 15*
19	Detergents (synthetic surfactants)	mg/l		6-12
20	Phenols	mg/l	ES
21	DDT and its derivatives	μg/l	BP	6
22	Lindane	μg/l	BP	6
23	Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAH)	μg/l	ES
Biogenic substances, water
24	Ammonia nitrogen	mg N/l	BP	6-12, 15*
25	Nitrate nitrogen	mg N/l
26	Nitrite nitrogen	mg N/l
27	Organic nitrogen	mg N/l	ES
28	Phosphate phosphorus	mg P/l	BP	6-12, 15*
29	Total phosphorus	mg P/l	ES
30	Silicon	mg Si/l	ES
Heavy metals
31	Iron	mg Fe/l	BP	6-12
32	Manganese	mg Mn/l
33	Copper	μg Cu/l
34	Zinc	μg Zn/l
35	Total chromium	μg Cr/l	ES
36	Lead	μg Pb/l
37	Cadmium	μg Cd/l
38	Mercury	μg Hg/l
39	Nickel	μg Ni/l
40	Aluminium	μg Al/l
41	Cobalt	μg Co/l
42	Molybdenum	μg Mo/l
43	Arsenic	μg As/l
Bottom sediments
44	Grain-size analysis	%	ES
45	Petroleum products	mg/kg
46	Organochlorine pesticides	mg/kg
47	PNAH	mg/kg
48	Organic carbon	mg C/kg
49	Copper	mg Cu/kg
50	Zinc	mg Zn/kg
51	Lead	mg Pb/kg
52	Chromium	mg Cr/kg
53	Cadmium	mg Cd/kg
54	Mercury	mg Hg/kg
55	Aluminium	mg Al/kg
Bioaccumulation
56	Copper	mg Cu/kg	ES
57	Lead	mg Pb/kg
58	Chromium	mg Cr/kg
59	Cadmium	mg Cd/kg
60	Mercury	mg Hg/kg
61	Organochlorine pesticides	mg/kg
62	PNAH	mg/kg
Radionuclides
63	Cesium-137, water + suspended solids	Becquerel/l	BP
64	Strontium-90, water + suspended solids	Becquerel/l	BP
65	Cesium-137, bottom sediments	Becquerel/kg	ES
66	Strontium-90, bottom sediments	Becquerel/kg
67	Cesium-137, bioaccumulation	Becquerel/kg
68	Strontium-90, bioaccumulation	Becquerel/kg
Hydrobiologic indicators
69	Phytoperiphyton		BP
70	Zooplankton		BP
71	Macrozoobenthos (quantitative)		ES
72	Macrozoobenthos (qualitative)
73	Ichthyofauna
74	Macrophytes
75	Chlorophyll-a	μg/l
Microbiology
76	Total coliforms (at 37 °C)		ES
77	Fecal coliforms (E. coli)
78	Fecal streptococci (Enterococci)
79	Salmonella
80	Enteroviruses

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[1] Shaded indicators are optional for basic monitoring under TMP.

[2] The target rate of sampling for indicators, for which a 6-12 range is given, is 12 times a year. As an exception, it is admissible to gradually achieve this rate in the course of TMP stages 1 and 2.

[3] For stations included in the transboundary mass transfer evaluation sub-programme.

[4] Here and below, the rate of 15 times a year relates to stations included in the transboundary mass transfer evaluation sub-programme.

Next: Laboratories Taking PArt in TMP. Measurement Quality Control

Previous: Networks of TMP Stations

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