Detailed Assessment

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5.2. Detailed Assessment

The detailed assessment of the Hot Spots was carried out using the scoring sheets, which come with the methodology applied.

The scoring sheet for the category “Pollution control” has been developed to assess the following indicators:

- general characteristics of effluent discharge;

- wastewater characteristics (properties);

- pollutant load.

On the basis of scores assigned as a result of detailed assessment of scoring sheets for each enterprise the National Experts received weighted scores for the categories and subcategories.

The subcategory “General characteristics” includes 10 indices:

1.        Normal total rate of discharge

2.        The share of treated wastewater

3.        Dilution / mixing

4.        Secondary pollutants

5.        Method of discharge

6.        Frequency of discharge

7.        Frequency of monitoring of discharge

8.        Frequency of sampling and tests

9.        Type of sampling

10.        Control of the flow of discharge

The subcategories “Waste-water characteristics” and “Pollutant load” include 22 indices, in particular:

1.        BOD₅

2.        COD

3.        Total Suspended Solids

4.        Total Dissolved Solids

5.        Phosphorus

6.        Аmmonia nitrogen

7.        Nitrate nitrogen

8.        Nitrite nitrogen

9.        Oil products

10.        Persistent Organic Pollutants

11.        Phenols

12.        Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons

13.        Oils and fats

14.        Iron

15.        Copper

16.        Zinc

17.        Nickel

18.        Chromium

19.        Cadmium

20.        Mercury

21.        Lead

22.        Radioisotopes

A detailed assessment was carried out for 15 Hot Spots.  The results of the calculations, which were made using the scoring sheets, are presented in Annex B.  Figure 2 indicates the location of the Hot Spots.  Fourteen (14) out of 15 of the Hot Spots have the highest value for the “effective mass of pollutants”, and one site is included in the list of the Hot Spots subject to the detailed assessment because of a systematic exceedanceof the maximum permissible concentration of a number of pollutants in the Vorsklitsa River at the border between the Russian Federation and Ukraine.

5.2.1. General Characteristics

The issue “General characteristics of wastewater” includes an estimate of the following aspects:

- The rate of effleunt discharge to the surface water bodies (separately for industrial effluents and residential wastewater);

- The share of treated wastewater within the total volume of discharge;

- The rate of dilution of wastewater with water of the river;

- The share of pollution arriving from the secondary (non-primary) sources;

- The mode and frequency of effleunt discharge;

- Frequency of monitoring of effleunt discharge (water sampling and analysis); and

- Types of water sampling.

5.2.1.1. Normal Total Rate of Effluent Discharge

As a rule the discharges of communal enterprises, which carry out wastewater treatment are more volumetric than the discharges of industrial enterprises.  Accordingly, the rates of effleunt discharges are set at the level above 100 thousand m³/day for large enterprises, above 10 thousand m³/day for medium-size enterprises and below 1000 m³/day for small enterprises.  The suggested criterion enables a differentiation of the industrial objects of one branch of industry subject to the volume of effluent discharge.  As a rule the volume of wastewater is proportionate to the production volume.  The enterprises or facilities where the volume of effleunt discharge exceeds 2500 m³/day are recognized as large, enterprises where the volume of effleunt discharge exceeds 1000 m³/day are considered as medium, and small – if the volume of effluent discharge is below 50 m³.

Only 3 enterprises out of 15 included in the list of the Hot Spots subject to the detailed assessment are industrial enterprises.  These are the Smolensk nuclear power plant, the stock company “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers) and the stock company “Kursk Khimvolokno”.  The value of index 1.1b for these enterprises was qualified as 5 points (Annex B, Table B-1).

The agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River does not have “point” (concentrated) discharges of pollutants to the water body.  Diffusive pollution is tested by measuring the concentration of chemical parameters only in the river station at the border with Ukraine.  The value of index 1.1b for this Hot Spot was qualified as 0 (Annex B, Table B-1).

According to index 1.1a the volume of average daily discharge from municipal wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk, Briansk, Kursk is qualified as a score of 5 and the volume of average daily discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Zheleznogorsk, Safonovo, Klintsy, Kurchatov, Yartsevo, Viazma, Ludinovo, Novozybkov is qualified as a score of 3 (Annex B, Table B-1).

5.2.1.2. Share of Treated Wastewater

The assessment for this criterion included both continuous and periodic effleunt discharges.  At 12 enterprises out of 15, all industrial effluents discharged everyday undergo treatment.  These enterprises have been assigned a score 0 for the criterion 1.2. (Annex B, Table B-2).

86% and 96% of effluents undergo treatment at Smolensk and Briansk municipal vodokanals respectively.  Therefore the score of 1 was assigned for the criterion 1.2 (Annex B, Table B-2).

At agricultural enterprises in the basin of the Vorsklitsa River, 20% of “point” (concentrated) effleunt discharges undergo treatment.  Therefore a score of 5 is qualified for the criterion 1.2 (Annex B, Table B-2).

5.2.1.3. Dilution (Mixing) of Effluent in River Water

In order to assess the assimilative capacity of the rivers the experts compared the rate of effleunt discharge expressed in m³/second and the river flow in the receiving water body.

For this purpose the dilution ratio was determined – the ratio of the volume of the river flow and the volume of effleunt discharge.  The rate of discharge in the period of summer-and- autumn mean water of the year of 95% of exceedance probability was taken as standard quantity of the river flow.

The river stations data in the points of discharge from wastewater treatment facilities are given in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1 : Minimum Discharge Rate in the Summer and Autumn Period (Qmin, m³/sec) at the Point of Discharge, Effluent Disposal Rate (m³/sec) and Dilution Ratio for Individual Enterprises

 

The highest dilution ratio value was obtained for the effluent discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of Kurchatov vodokanal.  This facility was assigned a score of 1 (Annex B, Table B-3).

High dilution ratio values were obtained for the effluent discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk, Viazma as well as the facilities “Kursk khimvolokno” and “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers).  Therefore, the score assigned to these Hot Spots was 2 (Annex B, Table B-3).

Medium dilution ratio values are typical for wastewater treatment facilities for the cities of Briansk, Liudinovo and the Smolenck nuclear power plant.  These facilities were assigned a score of 3 (Annex B, Table B-3).

Low dilution ratio values are typical for wastewater treatment facilities for the cities of Yartsevo, Safonovo and (rough expert estimate) for the agricultural complex located on the Vorsklitsa River, which correspond to a score of 4 (Annex B, Table B-3).

The lowest values for the wastewaterdilution ratio are typical for the wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Kursk, Klintsy, Novozybkov and Zheleznogorsk.  Therefore, these Hot Spots have been assigned the highest score (5) for the criterion 1.3 (Annex B, Table B-3).

5.2.1.4. Secondary Pollutants

Contaminants which arrive at sewage treatment utility plants and industrial wastewater treatment facilities from the secondary sources of pollution, can have considerable effect on the quality of effluent discharge.  Industrial facilities do not control contaminants arriving from the secondary sources asrigidly as their own.  As a result, there is some vagueness as to the quality of the effluent discharge and consequently a higher risk of an adverse impact of effluent discharge.  In the case of sewage treatment utility plants – the greater the share of effluents arriving there from industrial facilities, the higher the probability that effluent discharges from sewage treatment utility plants would include such contaminants as heavy metals and oil products.

It is typical that daily effluent discharges from sewage treatment utility plants contain more than 40% of effluents arriving from industrial enterprises.  This state of affairs is registered in the cities of Smolensk, Briansk, Klintsy, Novozybkov, Viazma, Yartsevo, Safonovo, Ludinovo, Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov.  These Hot Spots have been assigned a score of 5 for the criterion 1.4a (Annex B, Table B-4).

A high share of industrial effluents (about 35%) are registered in effluent discharge from Kursk wastewater treatment facilities, which corresponds the score of 4 (Annex B, Table B-4).

The share of effluents arriving at wastewater treatment facilities of the Smolensk nuclear power plant, “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers) facilities, and “Kursk khimvolokno” facilities from the secondary sources of pollution make up 20-30%, which corresponds to a score of 3 (Annex B, Table B-4).

The agricultural complex located on the Vorsklitsa River, where there are many numerous diffuse sources of effluent discharge, was assigned a score of 5 (Annex B, Table B-4).

5.2.1.5. Method of Discharge

The method of discharge of treated and untreated effluents has an effect on the location and dimension of a mixing zone – the area of possible formation of toxic conditions.  In cases where there is no discharge of effluents due to their complete localization, disposal or recycling, etc. were not subject to examination.

The discharges which do not have some definite point of discharge and where it is not possible to take a sample of such effluent, are qualified as “non-organized discharges”.  These include cases when it is impossible to determine the presence of manifold pipes (sewers) or when the discharges arrive overland.  Irrespective of  whether underground discharges are monitored, they are considered as more undesirable since they pose a threat of contamination of underground water, which is used for drinking water supply.

The majority of wastewater treatment facilities have single surface effleunt discharge (the vodokanals of the cities of Viazma, Yartsevo, Safonovo, Klintsy, Novozybkov, Liudinovo, Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov) as well as three industrial enterprises: “Kursk khimvolokno”, “Dorogobuzh” and the Smolensk nuclear power plant.  These Hot Spots have been assigned a score of 5 for the criterion 1.5 (Annex B, Table B-5).

The method of discharge applied at wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk and Kursk is bottom effluent discharge with slight current in the river – the receiving water body, which corresponds the score of 3 in the scoring sheet (Annex B, Table B-5).

The Briansk wastewater treatment facilities have bottom effluent discharge with rapid current in the river – the receiving water body, which corresponds the score of 2 in the scoring sheet (Annex B, Table B-5).

The agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River has multiple surface effleunt discharges.  This Hot Spot was assigned the score of 4 (Annex B, Table B-5).

5.2.1.6. Frequency of Discharge

It is accepted that intermittent discharges have lesser impact on the environment than continuous discharges since there is no deterioration of water quality in the intervals between the discharges.  Nevertheless, intermittent discharges cause serious damage to fish and other animal organisms living in water, which can find themselves in the zone of discharge at the moment of discharge and hence experience consequences of rapid deterioration of water quality.  Mobile living organisms usually avoid the zone of dilution of continuous discharges.

All 11 utility plants have continuous effleunt discharge.  That is why all vodokanals have been assigned a score of 5 for the criterion 1.6 in the scoring sheet for pollution control issues (Annex B, Table B-6).

At the 3 industrial enterprises, the effluent discharge is carried out practically continuously (more than 5 times a week).  Therefore they were assigned a score of 4 (Annex B, Table B-6).

The agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River is characterized by intermittent effluent discharge, it was assigned a score of 3 (Annex B, Table B-6).

5.2.1.7. Frequency of Sampling and Analysis

It is accepted that frequent monitoring of effluent discharges ensures better realization of environmental management and control.

As a rule, continuous monitoring of effluent discharges is more preferable than intermittent monitoring, since in that case it is possible to reveal the non-organized discharges and as far as possible to take them under the control.  Nevertheless intermittent monitoring of a river flow is quite permissible in the case of continuous effleunt discharge.

Monitoring of effleunt discharges is carried out periodically at numerous points of effluent discharge at the largest vodokanals of the cities of Smolensk, Brians and Kursk.  Therefore the value of criterion 1.7 is assigned a score of 3 (Annex B, Table B-7).

At wastewater treatment facilities of the other 8 vodokanals and 3 industrial enterprises, monitoring of effleunt discharges is carried out periodically at individual points of discharge, which corresponds to a score of 4 (Annex B, Table B-7).

There is no monitoring of effleunt discharge in the area of agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River.  This Hot Spot was assigned a score of 5 for the criterion 1.7 (Annex B, Table B-7).

5.2.1.8. Place of Sampling

Sampling of wastewater for the subsequent analysis is carried out at numerous points of discharge at the largest vodokanals of the cities of Smolensk, Briansk, Kursk.  Therefore the value of index 1.8 is scored as 3 (Annex B, Table B-8).

At wastewater treatment facilities of the other 8 vodokanals and 3 industrial enterprises, sampling of water for the subsequent analysis of effleunt discharge is carried out at individual points of discharge, which corresponds a score of 4 (Annex B, Table B-8).

Sampling of water from effleunt discharges in the area of the agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River is not carried out.  This Hot Spot was assigned the score of 5 for the criterion 1.8 (Annex B, Table B-8).

5.2.1.9. Type of Sampling

To reveal periodic deviation in the composition of river flow it is better to carry out continuous complex sampling than single sampling.  Nevertheless, for the purpose of monitoring of the river flow, continuous complex sampling and single sampling of effleunt discharges, which have steady composition (which was ascertained in the process of initial continuous sampling and confirmed by periodical continuous sampling) are equivalent.

Sampling and analysis are carried out everyday at wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk, Viazma, Yartsevo, Safonovo, Briansk, Novozybkov, Klintsy, Kursk, Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov as well as at the Smolensk nuclear power plant (Desnogorsk).  The value of index 1.9 in the scoring sheets for pollution control issues for these Hot Spots was qualified as 2 (Annex B, Table B-9).

Sampling and analysis are carried out daily at industrial enterprises “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers) and “Kursk khimvolokno”.  The value of index for these enterprises is qualified as 3 (Annex B, Table B-9).

Sampling of water from effleunt discharges in the area of the agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River is not carried out.  This Hot Spot was assigned the score of 5 for the criterion 1.9 (Annex B, Table B-9).

5.2.1.10. Control of the Flow of Effleunt Discharge

Systematic control in certain points of discharge is carried out at all 11 vodokanals and 3 industrial enterprises.  All the Hot Spots have been assigned the score of 3 for the criterion 1.10 (Annex B, Table B-10).

In the area of the agricultural complex in the basin of the Vorsklitsa River, control of the flow of effleunt discharge is not carried out.  This Hot Spot is assigned the score of 5 for the index 1.10 (Annex B, Table B-10).

5.2.2. Wastewater Characteristics

Ranking of concentrations of current effleunt discharges by degree of their impact on the environment is based on the following 6 categories:

0        no impact

1        minor impact

2        moderate impact

3        strong / large-scale impact

4        adverse impact

5        extremely heavy impact

5.2.2.1. Substances Consuming or Exhausting Oxygen

The highest values of BOD₅ are observed in effleunt discharge to water bodies from wastewater treatment facilities in the city of Viazma (30.4 mg/l).  The values of index 2.1a is qualified as 2 (Annex B, Table B-11).

The agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River was assigned a score of 2 in view of considerable amount of animal husbandry (and consequently organic fertilizers), which leads to the pollution of water bodies.

As for the other vodokanals and industrial enterprises, BOD₅ concentration in effleunt discharges does not exceed 15 mg/l.  They were assigned the score of 0 for the criterion 2.1a (Annex B, Table B-11).

COD concentrations are not measured regularly.  Therefore, on the analogy of characteristics of concentrations of BOD₅ in effleunt discharges the concentrations of COD are apparently as follows:

- It is most likely that the excessive concentration of COD in effleunt discharge is typical (as well as BOD₅) for the agricultural complex located on the Vorsklitsa River.  The score of 2 was assigned for the criterion 2.2b (Annex B, Table B-12).

- A moderate concentration of COD is likely present in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the city of Viazma.  This Hot Spot was assigned the score of 2 for the criterion 2.2b (Annex B, Table B-12).

- The concentration of COD in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the other vodokanals and enterprises is assessed as low.  The value of index 2.2b is 1 (Annex B, Table B-12).

5.2.2.2. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

Suspended solids exert influence on water clarity, they can generate bottom sediment, which can move downstream Suspended solids, which contain toxic organic substances, heavy metals, etc. were evaluated according to their specific criteria.

The highest concentration of suspended solids (TSS) is registered in effleunt discharge from the wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Safonovo (25.8 mg/l) and Smolensk (17.2 mg/l).  The value of index 2.3a is qualified as 1 (Annex B, Table B-13).

The score of 1 was qualified for agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River in view of the lack of any mechanical treatment of wastewater and storm water (Annex B, Table B-13).

The concentration of TSS in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the other vodokanals and industrial enterprises does not exceed 15 mg/l.  These enterprises have been assigned the score of 0 (Annex B, Table B-13).

5.2.2.3. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

The data in the national statistics do not provide information about the concentration of dissolved solids in effleunt discharges from the enterprises of Smolensk Oblast.

A considerable part of wastewater is discharged from Smolensk municipal vodokanal to the Dnipro River without treatment.  Apparently, the concentration of dissolved solids exceeds 500 mg/l.  The value of index 2.4a here is qualified as 1 (Annex B, Table B-14).

In view of the lack of information and by analogy with the TSS concentration of dissolved solids in wastewater, discharges from the wastewater treatment facilities of Safonovo was assigned a score of 1 (Annex B, Table B-14).

For the other enterprises of Smolensk Oblast – the cities of Vizma, Yartsevo, Desnogorsk (Smolensk nuclear power plant), the “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers) enterprise, the value of index 2.4a was qualified as 0 in view of the lack of information and by analogy with TSS (Annex B, Table B-14).

Moderate values of TDS, which do not exceed 500 mg/l, were registered at the wastewater treatment facilities of Kursk city and the enterprise “Kursk khimvolokno”.  The value of index 2.4a was qualified as 1 (Annex B, Table B-14).

As a result of expert evaluation, the agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River was assigned the score of 1 in view of the lack of any mechanical treatment of wastewater and storm water (Annex B, Table B-14).

At the other vodokanals and industrial enterprises, the experts revealed low concentrations of total dissolved solids (below 500 mg/l).  They were assigned the score of 0 for the criterion 2.4a (Annex B, Table B-14).

5.2.2.4. Total Phosphorus

The highest concentrations of total phosphorus were registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk, Kursk, Kurchatov.  The value of index 2.5a for these vodokanals is qualified as 2 (Annex B, Table B-15).

As a result of expert evaluation the agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River was assigned the score of 2 (apparently moderate concentration of total phosphorus) in view of the lack of any treatment of wastewater with phosphorus containing compounds (Annex B, Table B-15).

A low concentration of phosphorus is observed in treated wastewater of the cities of Briansk, Viazma, Safonoxo, Klintsy, Novozybkov, Liudinovo as well as the Smolensk nuclear power plant.  The value of parameter 2.5a for these enterprises is assigned as 1 (Annex B, Table B-15).

The lowest concentration of phosphorus is registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the enterprises “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers) and “Kursk khimvolokno”, as well as vodokanals of the cities of Yartsevo and Zheleznogorsk.  The value of paramenter 2.5a for these Hot Spots is 0 (Annex B, Table B-15).

5.2.2.5. Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4-N)

The highest concentration of ammonia nitrogen is revealed in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the town of Safonovo and industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers).  They were assigned the score of 4 (Annex B, Table B-16).

Moderate values are typical for the vodokanals of the cities of Kursk, Briansk and Viazma.  The value of index 2.6a for these Hot Spots is 2-3 (Annex B, Table B-16).

As a result of expert evaluation, the agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River was assigned the score of 2 (apparently moderate concentration of ammonia nitrogen) in view of the lack of any treatment of wastewater with nitrogen containing compounds (Annex B, Table B-16).

Low concentrations of ammonia nitrogen are observed in the discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk and Liudinovo as well as the Smolensk nuclear power plant and “Kursk khimvolokno”, which corresponds the score of 1 in the scoring sheet for the pollution control issues (Annex B, Table B-16).

The lowest concentrations of ammonia nitrogen have been registered at the vodokanals of the cities of Novozybkov, Klintsy, Yartsevo, Zheleznogorsk and Kurchatov.  They were assigned a score of 0 (Annex B, Table B-16).

5.2.2.6.Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-N)

Relatively low concentration of nitrate nitrogen (NO₃-N ) is typical for effleunt discharges in the Russian part of the Dnipro River basin.

The highest concentration of nitrate nitrogen is registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers), which corresponds a score of 2 in the scoring sheet (Annex B, Table B-17).

Based on expert evaluation the agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River was assigned a score of 2 (apparently moderate concentration of nitrate nitrogen) in view of the absence of any treatment of wastewater with nitrogen containing compounds (Annex B, Table B-17).

Taking into acount the level of concentration of nitrate nitrogen in effleunt discharges

the score of 1 of the scoring sheet (Annex B, Table B-17) was assigned to the vodokanals of the cities of Yartsevo, Novozybkov and Kurchatov.

The other enterprises are characterised by even lower concentrations (below 5 mg/l).  The value of index 2.7a for these enterprises is 0 (Annex B, Table B-17).

5.2.2.7. Nitrite Nitrogen (NO2-N)

The concentration of nitrite nitrogen varies over a wide range.

The highest concentration is registered in the discharges of the industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers), which corresponds the score of 5 (Annex B, Table B-18).

A high concentration of nitrite nitrogen is revealed in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of Smolensk vodokanal.  This Hot Spot is assigned a score of 3 for the criterion 2.8a (Annex B, Table B-18).

As a result of expert evaluation, the agricultural complex on the Vorsklitsa River was assigned a score of 2 (apparently moderate concentration of nitrite nitrogen) in view of the absence of any treatment of effluents with nitrogen containing compounds (Annex B, Table B-18).

Moderate concentrations of nitrite nitrogen are observed in the discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Kursk and Liudinovo, which corresponds to a score of 2 in the scoring sheet (Annex B, Table B-18).

Low concentrations of (NO₂-N) are observed in the discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the Smolensk nuclear power plant and “Kursk khimvolokno” and Kurchatov vodokanal, which corresponds to a score of 1 in the scoring sheet for pollution control issues (Annex B, Table B-18).

The lowest values of concentrations of nitrite nitrogen are registered in effleunt discharges of the cities of Briansk, Klintsy, Novozybkov, Viazma, Yartsevo, Safonovo, Zheleznogorsk – everywhere below 0.1 mg/l.  These enterprises are assigned a score of 0 for this index in the scoring sheet (Annex B, Table B-18).

5.2.2.8. Oil Products

A low concentration of oil products is typical for effleunt discharges from the wastewater treatment facilities of 14 enterprises in question, which are located in the Russian part of the Dnipro River basin.  Therefore, the value of index 2.9a is accepted as 0 for all enterprises (Annex B, Table B-19).

There is no systematic control of the content of oil products in the Vorsklitsa River. However, based on expert evaluation, the presence of an oil film on the surface of the water and the data from one field study, the concentration of oil products is assessed as moderate, which corresponds to a score of 2. (Annex B, Table B-19).

5.2.2.9. Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)

Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) are organic compounds incapable of quick biological decomposition in natural environment, consequently they are accumulated in soil and soil water.  This group of compounds includes some pesticides, herbicides, polychlorinated biphenyl, halogenated organic chemicals, etc.

Persistent organic pollutants are presented in concentrations, which are below the detection limits of the applied methods of analysis.  Therefore the value of index 2.10b is qualified as 0 for all enterprises (Annex B, Table B-20).

5.2.2.10. Phenols

Phenols are indicators of pollution arriving from enterprises of the petroleum-refining industry and the chemical industry, as well as indicators of the presence of other organic compounds in water.

The concentration of phenols was not measured regularly in the discharges of all enterprises in question.  Judging by the characteristics of discharges, most of the Hot Spots have low concentrations of phenols in their effluents, which corresponds to a score of 1 (Annex B, Table B-21).

Based on expert evaluation, the Smolensk vodokanal and the agricultural complex located in the basin of the Vorsklitsa River were assigned a score of 2 (Annex B, Table B-21) (apparently moderate concentration of phenols in effleunt discharges).

5.2.2.11. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)

The concentration of polyaromatic hydrocarbons is below the detection limits of the applied methods of analysis.  So, the value of index 2.12b is qualified as 0 for all enterprises (Annex B, Table B-22).

5.2.2.12. Oils and Fats

Usually specialists distinguish two normatives of maximum permissible discharges of oils and fats - one is for animal and vegetable oils, another is for mineral or synthetic oils and fats.  As a rule in the latter case the normatives of maximum permissible discharges are one order higher as oils and fats of vegetable and animal origin are easier prone to biodegradation.  Nevertheless both normatives are aesthetic criteria of quality.

The concentration of animal and vegetable oils and fats is not measured regularly, but according to the general characteristics of effleunt discharge it is most likely that the concentration of oils and fats is low in effleunt discharges of the cities of Smolensk and Briansk as well as the agricultural complex located in the basin of the Vorsklitsa River (they are assigned the score of 1) (Annex B, Table B-23).  The other enterprises were assigned the score of 0 as there are practically no oils and fats in their discharges (Annex B, Table B-23).

5.2.2.13. Heavy Metals

There are eight metals which are of interest: iron, copper, zinc, nickel, chromium, cadmium, lead and mercury.  The total concentration and content of metals are subject to determination. Heavy metals have an adverse impact on the environment; in the first place they affect the quality of water and soil.  Primarily, the dissolved heavy metals increase the toxicity of water and have an adverse effect on its organoleptic characteristics.

The assessment was carried out in relation to each of these heavy metals taken separately.

Iron (Fe)

The highest concentration of iron is registered in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities Smolensk and Viazma.  It is a moderate value, which is qualified as 2 (Annex B, Table B-24).

A low concentration of iron is observed in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Briansk, Kursk, Safonovo, Liudinovo as well as the industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers), which corresponds to a score of 1 for the criterion 2.14a (Annex B, Table B-24).

The lowest concentration of iron is present in effleunt discharges of the enterprise “Kursk khimvolokno” and the Smolensk nuclear power plant, as well as the vodokanals of the cities of Kurchatov, Zheleznogorsk, Klintsy, Novozybkov, Yartsevo.  In this case, the value of index 2.14a is 0 (Annex B, Table B-24).

Copper (Cu)

The highest concentration of copper is measured in effleunt discharge from the wastewater treatment facilities of Briansk vodokanal.  In conformity with the scoring sheets, the value of index 2.15a is 2 (Annex B, Table B-25).

A low concentration of copper is observed in effleunt discharges from the wastewater treatment facilities of all the other enterprises.  These Hot Spots were assigned the score of 0 for the criterion 2.15a (Annex B, Table B-25).

Zinc (Zn)

The highest concentrations of zinc are registered in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers).  According to the scoring sheets the value of index 2.16a is 5 (Annex B, Table B-26).

Low values are typical for effleunt discharge from the wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk, Briansk, Kursk and Viazma; therefore a score of 1 is assigned (Annex B, Table B-26).

At the other enterprises, the concentration of zinc does not exceed 0.03 mg/l.  The value of index 2.16a is accepted as 0 (Annex B, Table B-26).

Nickel (Ni)

At all the evaluated enterprises, the concentration of nickel on average did not exceed 0.03 mg/l.  According to the scoring sheet, this corresponds to a score of 0 (Annex B, Table B-27).

Chromium (Cr)

At all the enterprises, the concentration of chromium on average did not exceed 0.08 mg/l.  According to the scoring sheet, this corresponds to a score of 0 (Annex B, Table B-28).

Cadmium (Cd)

The concentration of cadmium on average did not exceed 0.002 mg/l at all enterprises.  According to the scoring sheet, they were assigned a score of 0 (Annex B, Table B-29).

Mercury (Hg)

The presence of mercury was not measured in effleunt discharges of any of the 14 enterprises, nor in the Vorsklitsa River.  Accordingly, the value of index 2.20 is accepted as 0 Annex B, Table B-30).

Lead (Pb)

On average at all the evaluated enterprises, the concentration of lead in effleunt discharges did not exceed 0.1 mg/l.  According to the scoring sheet, they were assigned the score of 0 Annex B, Table B-31).

Radioisotopes

Probability (proven or suspected) of the presence of radionuclides (Ce-137, Sr-90) with high background level in waste-water discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Novozybkov and Klintsy is possible, but unlikely (this rayon is located in the zone exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of catastrophe of Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986). Hence, the value of index 2.22 for these enterprises is qualified as 1.  For the other enterprises the probability of radioactive contamination of wastewater is unlikely – the score of 0 (Annex B, Table B-32).

5.2.3. Pollutant Load

5.2.3.1. Substances Consuming or Exhausting Oxygen

The volume of organic substances according to BOD₅ makes up 2,86 thousand tonnes within the total volume of wastewater, which is discharged to the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation.

The largest quantity of organic substances according to BOD₅ was discharged from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities Smolensk, Briansk and Kursk.  According to the scoring sheets the value of index 3.1 is qualified as 5 (Annex B, Table B-33).

The total volume of organic substances discharged by these three vodokanals to the water bodies reaches 1.2 thousand tonnes.

Fair quantities of organic substances according to BOD₅ are discharged from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities Yartsevo, Safonovo, Viazma, Klintsy, Liudinovo, Kurchatov, Zheleznogorsk as well as the Smolensk nuclear power plant and “Kursk khimvolokno”.  In percentage terms, the share of their discharge makes up from 1 to 5% of the total volume of organic substances discharged into the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation.  These enterprises were assigned the score of 4 for the criterion 3.1 (Annex B, Table B-33).

A minimum quantity of organic substances according to BOD₅ (below 1%) are present in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of Novozybkov vodokanal and the industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers).  These enterprises were assigned a score of 3 (Annex B, Table B-33).

In view of the absence of an agricultural wastewater survey in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River it is most likely that moderate quantities of organic substances according to BOD₅ are present there, which corresponds the score of 2 (Annex B, Table B-33).

In percentage terms (by the analogy with BOD₅) the largest quantity of organic substances according to COD was discharged from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities Smolensk, Briansk and Kursk.  According to the scoring sheets the value of index 3.2 is qualified as 5 (Annex B, Table B-34).

In percentage terms (by the analogy with BOD₅) moderate quantities of organic substances according to COD are discharged from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities Yartsevo, Safonovo, Viazma, Klintsy, Liudinovo, Kurchatov, Zheleznogorsk as well as the Smolensk nuclear power plant and “Kursk khimvolokno”.  The share of their discharge makes up from 1 to 5% of the total volume of organic substances the discharge to the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation.  These enterprises were assigned a score of 4 (Annex B, Table B-34).

In view of the absence of agricultural wastewater survey in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River it is most likely that moderate quantities of organic substances according to COD present there, which corresponds a score of 2 (Annex B, Table B-34).

Among the 15 Hot Spots in percentage terms (by analogy with BOD₅) a minimum quantity of organic substances according to COD (below 1%) are present in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of Novozybkov vodokanal and industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers).  These enterprises were assigned a score of 3 (Annex B, Table B-34).

5.2.3.2. Total Suspended Solids (TSS)

The share of suspended solids in the total volume of effleunt discharged to the basin of the Dnipro River in the territory of the Russian Federation makes up 4.14 thousand tonnes.

In percentage terms the largest quantity of suspended solids is discharged from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Briansk and Smolensk.  According to the scoring sheets the value of index 3.3 is qualified as 5 (Annex B, Table B-35).  The total volume of suspended solids discharged by these two vodokanals to water bodies reaches 1.6 thousand tonnes.

In percentage terms fair quantities of suspended solids are discharged from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Kursk, Viazma, Safonovo, Novozybkov, Klintsy, Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov as well as the enterprise “Kursk khimvolokno” and the Smolensk nuclear power plant (from 1 to 5% of the total content of suspended solids in effleunt discharge throughout the basin).  The value of this index is qualified as 4 (Annex B, Table B-35).

A minor quantity of suspended solids in percentage terms is present in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Yartsevo and Liudinovo (their share is less than 1% of total quantity throughout the basin).  The value of index 3.3 is qualified as 3 (Annex B, Table B-35).

In view of the absence of survey of effleunt discharged from agricultural enterprises in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River it is most likely that moderate quantities of suspended solids are present there, which corresponds to a score of 2 (Annex B, Table B-35).

Effleunt discharge from the industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers) does not contain suspended solids.  This Hot Spot is assigned a score of 0 for the criterion 3.3 (Annex B, Table B-35).

5.2.3.3. Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

In view of the lack of the relevant national statistics for the enterprises - water users of Smolensk Oblast, total dissolved solids were not measured in effleunt discharge over the Dnipro River basin.

Large quantity of dissolved solids in effleunt discharge is most likely typical for the enterprises, which have the largest volume effleunt discharge and relatively high concentration of insolubles (suspended solids and other substances).  Vodokanals of the cities of Smolensk, Briansk and Kursk are among such enterprises.  The value of index 3.4b is qualified as 3 points for these enterprises (Annex B, Table B-36).

As for the other enterprises it is most likely that their effleunt discharges contain moderate quantities of dissolved solids.  These enterprises were assigned a score of 2 (Annex B, Table B-36).  The same score was assigned to the agricultural objects located in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River.

5.2.3.4. Total Phosphorus

The volume of total phosphorus in effleunt discharge to the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation is 383 tonnes.

In percentage terms, the largest quantity of phosphorus is registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Kursk, Smolensk and Briansk.  According to the scoring sheets the value of index 3.5a is qualified as 5 (Annex B, Table B-37).  The total volume of phosphorus in effleunt discharge of these three vodokanals reaches 260 tonnes.

A fair quantity of total phosphorus (from 1 to 5%) is observed in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Klintsy, Novozybkov, Viazma, Yartsevo, Safonovo, Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov and the Smolensk nuclear power plant.  These enterprises were assigned a score of 4 (Annex B, Table B-37).

In percentage terms the share of phosphorus in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of industrial enterprises “Kursk kjomvolokno” and “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers) makes 0.1 – 1% of the total volume.  The value of index 3.5a is qualified as 3 (Annex B, Table B-37).

In view of the absence of survey data of effleunt discharged from agricultural enterprises in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River, it is most likely that moderate quantities of phosphorus are present there, which corresponds to a score of 2 (Annex B, Table B-37).

5.2.3.5. Ammonia Nitrogen (NH4-N)

Total ammonia nitrogen in effleunt discharge in the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation makes 1.27 thousand tonnes.

In percentage terms the largest quantity of ammonia nitrogen is registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Briansk, Kursk, Smolensk and Safonovo.  The value of index 3.6a was qualified as 5 (Annex B, Table B-38).  The total volume of ammonia nitrogen in effleunt discharge of these four vodokanals is 713 tonnes.

Effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Viazma and Liudinivo as well as enterprises “Kursk khimvolokmo”, “Dorogobuzh” and the Smolensk nuclear power plant have a high percentage of ammonia nitrogen (1-5%).  These enterprises were assigned a score of 4 (Annex B, Table B-38).

In percentage terms, 0.1 – 1% of ammonia nitrogen is discharged from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Klintsy, Novozybkov, Yartsevo, Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov.  The value of index 3.6a is qualified as 3 for these enterprises (Annex B, Table B-38).

In view of the absence of survey data of effleunt discharged from agricultural enterprises in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River, it is most likely that moderate quantities of ammonia nitrogen are present there, which corresponds to a score of 2 (Annex B, Table B-38).

5.2.3.6. Nitrate Nitrogen (NO3-N)

Total nitrate nitrogen in effleunt discharge in the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation is 1.32 thousand tonnes.

In percentage terms, the major quantity of nitrate nitrogen present in effleunt discharge is from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Briansk, Smolensk, Kursk and Kurchatov.  The value of index 3.7 is 5 (Annex B, Table B-39).  These four vodokanals taken together discharge 827 thousand tonnes of nitrate nitrogen.

Large quantity of nitrate nitrogen are present in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities Novozybkov, Yartsevo, Liudinovo as well as the Smolensk nuclear power plant and enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers), which makes 1 – 5% of total content within the basin.  The value of index 3.7 is 4 (Annex B, Table B-39).

A moderate quantity of nitrate nitrogen is observed in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of “Kursk khimvolokno” as well as vodokanals Zheleznogorsk and Safonovo, which makes up 0.1 – 1% of the total content within the basin.  The value of index is 3 (Annex B, Table B-39).

In view of the absence of survey data of effleunt discharged from agricultural enterprises in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River, it is most likely that moderate quantities of nitrate nitrogen are present there, which corresponds to a score of 2 (Annex B, Table B-39).

Nitrate nitrogen was not measured in effleunt discharge of the cities of Viazma and Klintsy.  These enterprises were assigned the score of 0 for the criterion 3.7 (Annex B, Table B-39).

5.2.3.7. Nitrite Nitrogen (NO2-N)

Total nitrite nitrogen in effleunt discharge in the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation is 95.9 tonnes.

The largest quantity of nitrite nitrogen is registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk and Kursk.  The value of index 3.8 is 5 (Annex B, Table B-40).  The total volume of nitrite nitrogen in effleunt discharge for these two vodokanals is 22.1 tonnes.

A large quantity of nitrite nitrogen is measured in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Briansk and Kurchatov as well as the industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers), which makes up 1 – 5% of the total volume throughout the basin.  The value of index 3.8 is 4 (Annex B, Table B-40).

A moderate quantity of nitrite nitrogen is registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of “Kursk khimvolokno”, the Smolensk nuclear power plant, the cities of Zheleznogorsk, Viazma, Yartsevo, Safonovo, Klintsy, Novozybkov, which makes up 0.1 – 1% of the total volume throughout the basin.  These enterprises were assigned a score of 3 for the criterion 3.8 (Annex B, Table B-40).

In view of the absence of survey data of effleunt discharged from agricultural enterprises in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River, it is most likely that moderate quantities of nitrite nitrogen are present there, which corresponds to a score of 2 (Annex B, Table B-40).

5.2.3.8. Oil Products

The total quantity of oil products in effleunt discharge in the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation makes up 41 tonnes per year.

The largest quantity of oil products is registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk and Briansk.  The value of index 3.9 is 5 (Annex B, Table B-41).  The total volume of oil products in effleunt discharges of these two vodokanals is 20 tonnes.

In view of the absence of survey data of effleunt discharged from agricultural enterprises in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River it is most likely that moderate quantities of oil products are present there, which corresponds a score of 2 (Annex B, Table B-41).

Oil products were not measured in effleunt discharges of the other enterprises.  They are assigned a score of 0 (Annex B, Table B-41).

5.2.3.9. Persistent Organic Pollutants

At all enterprises, persistent organic pollutants are presented in concentrations which are below the detection limit of the applied methods of analysis of water samples.  Therefore the value of index 3.10b is qualified as 1 for all the Hot Spots (Annex B, Table B-42).

5.2.3.10. Phenols

Measuring of phenols content is carried out only in a few enterprises because of the low concentration of phenols in effleunt discharge over the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation.  It is most likely that minor quantities of phenols are present in effleunt discharges.  Therefore the value of index 3.11b was qualified as 1 for all the Hot Spots (Annex B, Table B-43).

5.2.3.11. Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons

Total polyaromatic hydrocarbons are presented in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities over the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation in concentrations which are below the detection limit of the applied methods of analysis of water samples.  Therefore, in view of low content of polyatomatic hydrocarbons in effleunt discharge the value of index 3.12b was qualified as 1 (Annex B, Table B-44).

5.2.3.12.Oils and Fats

Measuring of the content of oils and fats (animal or vegetable origin) is carried out only in few enterprises because of low concentration of oils and fats in effleunt discharge over the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation.  It is most likely that minor quantities of oils and fats are present in effleunt discharges.  In view of the low content of oils and fats the value of index 3.13b was qualified as 1 for all the Hot Spots (Annex B, Table B-45).

5.2.3.13. Heavy Metals

Iron (Fe)

Total iron in effleunt discharge in the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation is 94.1 tonnes.

The largest quantity of iron is registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk, Briansk and Kursk.  The value of index 3.14 is 5 (Annex B, Table B-46).  These three vodokanals taken together discharge 47.9 tonnes of iron per year.

A large quantity of iron is measured n effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Novozybkov, Viazma, Yartsevo, Safonovo, Liudinovo as well as the industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers) and the Smolensk nuclear power pant, which accounts for 1 – 5% of the total volume throughout the basin.  The value if index 3.14 is 4 (Annex B, Table B-46).

A minor quantity of iron is most likely present in the effleunt discharges from the agricultural enterprise in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River.  Therefore the value of index 3.14 is qualified as 1 (Annex B, Table B-46).

Iron is not measured in effleunt discharges from the wastewater treatment facilities of “Kursk khimvolokno” and Kurchatov vodokanal.  They are assigned the score of 0 (Annex B, Table B-46).

Copper (Cu)

Total copper in effleunt discharge in the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation is 1.19 tonnes.

The largest quantity of copper is registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk, Briansk, Kursk, Novozybkov and industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers), which makes more than 5% of the total volume throughout the basin.  According to the scoring sheets the value of index 3.15 is 5 (Annex B, Table B-47).  These five Hot Spots discharge 0.86 tonnes of copper per year.

A large quantity of copper is measured in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Viazma and Safonovo, which accounts for 1 – 5% of the total volume throughout the basin.  According to the scoring sheet the value of index 3.15 is 4 (Annex B, Table B-47).

A moderate quantity of copper (0.1 – 1% throughout the basin) is present in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Zheleznogorsk and Yartsevo.  They were assigned a score of 3.

A minor quantity of copper is most likely present for effleunt discharges from the agricultural complex in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River Therefore the value of index 3.15 is qualified as 1 (Annex B, Table B-47).

Copper is not measured in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Klintsy, Liudinovo, Kurchatov as well as industrial enterprises “Kursk khimvolokno” and “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers).  They are assigned the score of 0 for the criterion 3.15 (Annex B, Table B-47).

Zinc (Zn)

The contribution of 15 Hot Spots as for total zinc in effleunt discharges in the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation is 2,85 tonnes per year.

The largest quantity of zinc is registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of “Kursk khimvolokno” and the Smolensl nuclear power plant.  The share of these enterprises in total volume of discharge exceeds 5%.  The value of index 3.16 is 5 (Annex B, Table B-48).

A large quantity of zinc (1 – 5% of total volume of discharge) is measured in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Safonovo, Briansk and Kursk.  The value of index 3.16 is qualified as 4 (Annex B, Table B-48).

A moderate quantity of zinc (0.1 – 1% throughout the basin) is typical for effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Viazma and Novozybkov as well as industrial enterprise “Dorogobuzh” (mineral fertilizers).  They were assigned the score of 3 for the criterion 3.(Annex B, Table B-48).

A minor quantity of zinc is most likely present for effleunt discharges from the agricultural complex in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River.  Therefore the value of index 3.16 is qualified as 1 (Annex B, Table B-48).

Zinc is not measured in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk, Yartsevo, Klintsy, Liudinovo, Zheleznigirsk, Kurchatov.  They are assigned the score of 0 for the criterion 3.16 (Annex B, Table B-48).

Nickel (Ni)

The contribution of 15 Hot Spots for total nickel in the effleunt discharges in the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation is 0.05 tonnes per year.

The entire volume of nickel is accounted for from the discharge from the wastewater treatment facilities of Viazma.  The value of index 3.17 is 5 for this Hot Spot (Annex B, Table B-49).

Nickel is not measured in effleunt discharges of the other 14 Hot Spots including the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River.  They are assigned the score of 0 for the criterion 3.17 (Annex B, Table B-49).

Chromium (Cr)

The contribution of 15 Hot Spots as for total chromium in effleunt discharges in the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation is 0.15 tonnes per year.

The highest quantities of chromium are registered in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Smolensk, Novozybkov, Yartsevo and Viazma.  The share of these enterprises in total volume of discharge exceeds 5%.  The value of index 3.18 is qualified as 5 (Annex B, Table B-50).

Chromium is not measured in effleunt discharges of the cities of Briansk, Kursk, Klintsy, Zheleznogorsk, Kurchatov, Liudinovo as well as industrial enterprise “Kursk khimvolokno”, Smolensk nuclear power plant and in the watershed of the Vorslitsa River.  They are assigned the score of 0 for the criterion 3.18 (Annex B, Table B-50).

Cadmium (Cd)

A low concentration of cadmium in effleunt discharges is registered at Smolensk Gorvodokanal.  For this enterprise the value of index 3.19b is qualified as 1 (Annex B, Table B-51).

It is most likely that cadmium is not present in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of all evaluated enterprises.  The value of index 3.19b is qualified as 0 (Annex B, Table B-51).

Mercury (Hg)

At all enterprises mercury is present in concentrations below the detection limit of the applied methods of wastewater analysis.  Therefore the value of index 3.20 is qualified as 0 for all the Hot Spots (Annex B, Table B-52).

Lead (Pb)

A low concentration of lead in effleunt discharges is registered at Smolensk Gorvodokanal.  For this enterprise the value of index 3.21 is qualified as 1 (Annex B, Table B-53).

Lead is present in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities in concentrations below the detection limit of the applied methods of analysis of water samples.  Therefore, the value of index 3.21 was qualified as 0 (Annex B, Table B-53).

Radionuclides (Ce-139  и Sr-90)

In view of unsystematic survey it is most likely that radionuclides (Ce-137, Sr-90) are present in minor quantities in effleunt discharges from wastewater treatment facilities of the cities of Novozybkov and Klintsy as this rayon is located in the zone exposed to radioactive contamination as a result of catastrophe of Chernobyl nuclear power plant in 1986. Hence, these enterprises were assigned a score of 1 (Annex B, Table B-54).

It is most likely that the components of isotopes (Ce-139 and Sr-90) are not present in effleunt discharge from wastewater treatment facilities of the other 12 enterprises and in the watershed of the Vorsklitsa River in the Dnipro River basin in the territory of the Russian Federation.  The value of index 3.22 is qualified as 0 for all enterprises (Annex B, Table B-54).