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Monitoring
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H. Monitoring
Development of monitoring system in the sphere of natural environment is legally secured by Article 22 of the Law of Ukraine “On the Protection of the Environment”, Regulations on state monitoring of natural environment (approved by Resolution No.785 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of September 23, 1993), Procedure of state monitoring of water quality (approved by Resolution No.815 of the Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine of July 20, 1996), etc.
System of state environmental quality monitoring is developed in Ukraine in order to ensure collection, processing, storage and analysis of information on the state of environment, forecasting of changes in environmental conditions and the development of scientifically grounded recommendations for the efficient decision making. This system enables to keep track of real environmental implications of investment projects, in other words it enables to verify the reliability of EIA conclusions.
System of state environmental quality monitoring is based on the following principles: objectivity and reliability; systematic character of observation of the state of environment and environmental effects of the implementation of plans and programmes; consistency of normative base and methodology; consistency of hardware and software, all-inclisiveness in the assessment of environmental information; efficient methods of gathering information by individual units and timely notice of executive power bodies; openness of environmental information for population.
Systematic observation of the state of environment, the level of pollution is carried out by Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine jointly with other authorized state structures, enterprises, institutions and organizations, in case exploitation of these structures is resulted or can be resulted in deterioration of environment. Such enterprises, institutions and organizations must present free of charge the materials of own observations to the relevant authorities.
The authorized state structures jointly with the relevant research institutions ensure organization of the short-term and long-term forecasting of the changes in the state of environment. These results should be taken into consideration in the development and implementation of programmes, projects and measures of economic and social development of the state, including the sphere of environment protection, efficient use and enhancement of natural resources, environmental safety control.
The type of monitoring of environmental quality (general (standard), operational (crisis) and background (scientific) depends upon the purpose.
General (standard) monitoring of environmental quality – is the optimum observing system of the number of parameters of observation in individual localities, organized as a unified information and technological network. Based on the results of assessment and forecasting of the state of environment this system helps to develop regularly managerial decisions at all levels.
Operative (crisis) monitoring of environmental quality – is the system of supervision of special characteristics (in target localities) of individual objects, which are the sources of advanced environmental risk in some regions, defined as the zones of environmental emergency as well as in the areas of emergencies, which have negative environmental implications for the purpose of operative response on crisis situations and liquidation of such situation, securing of environmental safety for population.
Background (scientific) monitoring of environmental quality is the specific high-precision supervision of all the components of environment as well as the nature, structure, circulation and migration of pollutants, pollution response of organisms at the level of individual population, ecosystems and biosphere as a whole. Background monitoring is carried out in wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves, other protected areas, special base stations.
System of state environmental quality monitoring is developed at three levels:
- local level – in the territory of individual objects (enterprises, towns, landscape sections);
- regional level – within the territorial-administrative units, in the territories of economic and natural regions;
- national level – in the territory of the state as a whole.
In accordance with the provisions of legal and normative documents of Ukraine the EIA section should include nature-conservative measures, in particular, monitoring of territories in the zones of environmental impact of the project and system of warning of population in the event of emergency.
