As of the Program commencement date, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection did not have sufficient technical facilities and personnel required for effective Program implementation and, consequently, for the operation of the Belarus Program Management Committee. This Project created all necessary conditions for keeping the Committee operating. More specifically, a Committee Secretariat was set up and equipped with necessary office equipment, transportation means, telephone and fax lines, and provided with Internet connection and other facilities to enable it to perform its duties.

The Program Office was created in the premises of the EkologiaInvest Center for International Environmental Projects, Certification and Audit affiliated with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. This organization was designated as the Project executing agency in view of its practical expertise in preparing and implementing over 20 international technical assistance projects (EU TACIS Program, Global Environment Facility and its executing agencies such as the World Bank, UNDP, UNEP, Danish and German governments).

It should be noted that a distinction should be made between the implementation of the Program in the Republic of Belarus, on the one hand, and its implementation in the Russian Federation and Ukraine, on the other hand. To use the Program funding effectively and to make the grant funds liable to tax exemptions (which is not the case now in the Republic of Belarus) the funds were administered through the UN representative office (Belarus) in accordance with the rules, requirements and procedures established by the UNDP. In essence, the Office managed funds of each individual project whereas in Ukraine and the Russian Federation this was the responsibility of a number of organizations – i.e. executors of individual projects – which had only to comply with the IDRC’s requirements.

Naturally, the Office mainly concentrated its efforts on its financial duties. Under such circumstances, it is not difficult to imagine how hard it was to match budgets of IDRC and UNDP projects, which profoundly differ in their content and formulation principles. Despite all these differences it was necessary to take into account requirements of both IDRC and UNDP as well as those established by Belarus legislation. Nonetheless, mainly due to the efforts of the Office personnel all these requirements were complied with and the financial resources were used efficiently. No such work was carried out by the Russian Federation Program Office.

This Report describes the project implementation process from September 2000 to March 2004, namely, purchased equipment, Project personnel and major results.

This technical report describes progress in implementing the Establishment and Operation of the Belarus Program Management Office Project which falls under task 1 of the Memorandum (agreement) on the provision and use of targeted non-repayable financial assistance (grant assistance) for the Program “Identification of needs; review of legislation and practical experience; and creation of Dnipro River management bodies required for participation in the GEF program” over a period from September 2000 to March 2004.

The report gives an overview of Project goals and objectives and methods of fulfilling thereof, contains information on the commencement of Program works and describes Office activities over this period. It specifies equipment purchases made under the Project as well as the purposes for which this equipment is being used and describes the Project personnel and major results.

The report contains two tables and three appendices containing the purchased equipment specifications as well as minutes of the Belarus Program Management Committee meetings accompanied by their own appendices.

The text and appendices thereto contain references to 42 acronyms and abbreviations.

BSU – Belarus State University;

BELNITs EKOLOGIA – Belarus Scientific research Center “Ekologia” affiliated with the Ministry of Natural resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus;

GGEMOO – Gomel City Youth Environmental Public Association;

GIS – geographic information system;

Goskomgidromet – State Hydrometeorology Committee of the Republic of Belarus (subsequently renamed into the Hydrometeorology Department of the Ministry of Natural resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus);

GU – public institution;

GEF – Global Environment Facility;

IPIPRE NANB – Institute for the Study of Problems Related to Natural Resources Utilization and Ecology affiliated with the Belarus National Academy of Sciences;

CIDA – Canadian International Development Agency;

KPR – natural resources committee (of the Russian Federation);

IAEA – International Atomic Energy Agency;

MGOO – Minsk City Public Association;

Minzhylkomkhoz – Housing and Communal Services Ministry of the Republic of Belarus;

Ministry of Natural Resources – Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus;

Ministry of Ecology – Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine;

MOO – youth public association;

MEU – International Environmental University;

NAS (Belarus) – Belarus National Academy of Sciences;

NII – scientific research institute;

NGO – nongovernmental organizations;

NAP – National Action Plan;

NEMS – National Environmental Monitoring System (Republic of Belarus);

OAO – open joint-stock company;

ÎÎ – public association;

UN – United Nations;

PO – production association;

EU TACIS Program – EU technical assistance program for the Commonwealth of Independent States;

UNDP – United Nations Development Program;

SC – Steering Committee;

RUP – republican unitary enterprise;

RTsGE – Republican Hygiene and Epidemiology Center affiliated with the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus;

SMI – mass media

SAP – Strategic Action Program;

TDA – transboundary diagnostic analysis;

UP – unitary enterprise;

IDRC – International Development Research Center, Canada;

TsNIIKIVR – Republican Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Institute for Integrated Use of Natural Resources affiliated with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus;

TsRKM – Public Institution “Republican Center for Radiological Control and Environmental Monitoring”, Hydrometeorology Department, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus;

UNEP - United Nations Environment Program;

UNIDO – United Nations Industrial Development Organization.

The Project main goal as specified in the Project Proposal was to ensure efficient operation of the Belarus Program Management Committee (hereinafter referred to as the Committee).

According to the above Project Proposal the specific objectives embraced the following activities:

• Ensure coordination of efforts among Committee members;
• Ensure cooperation between the Committee and the IDRC;
• Establish communication with organizations that submit financing proposals to help them develop project proposals in accordance with IDRC requirements and to check the quality of project technical reports;
• Provide organizational/ administrative support for IDRC representatives, consultants and experts visiting Belarus;

In addition, the Project Proposal defined in detail methods of running the Committee and providing organizational/ administrative support for IDRC specialists visiting Belarus, which were followed by the Committee Executive Secretary, namely:

• arrange communication with organizations that submit financing proposals to help them develop project proposals in accordance with IDRC requirements and to check the quality of project technical reports;
• organize annual meetings of the Joint Program Management Committee in the Republic of Belarus which involves preparing meeting materials;
• participate in the development and periodical updating of the Program work plan;
• participate in the quality audits of technical reports on projects being implemented under the program;
• ensure that technical and financial reports are submitted to the IDRC regional representative office in a timely manner;
• on behalf of the Committee assist in the preparation of materials on progress achieved under projects being implemented under the Program. These materials will form an integral part of the IDRC report to the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA);
• participate in the review and assessment of the Program final report;
• assist and consult project subcontractors/ executors on how to develop and implement projects in accordance with the IDRC and UNPD requirements;
• encourage partnerships at all Program phases and help create informal communications networks;
• help disseminate information on the Program activities among national and international partners;
• help coordinate Program activities with other nature conservation technical assistance programs being implemented in Belarus;
• coordinate payments made by the UNDP (Minsk office) under the program;
• assist in the preparation of all Program progress reports in accordance with the requirements established by the Ministry, UNDP and IDRC, including the preparation of payment orders, financial reports, budget auditing, collection, analysis and submission of data on the Program results in accordance with UNDP and CIDA indicators;
• provide administrative support for IDRC representatives, consultants and experts visiting Belarus;
• assist Canadian nationals arriving in Belarus with visa formalities;
• prepare translations, minutes, proposals, reports, etc.;
• meet visiting experts and IDRC representatives at the airport and take them to the airport;
• arrange hotel accommodation for visiting Canadian nationals;
• make domestic travel arrangements for Canadian nationals (meet them at the railway station, local airport and provide them with transportation means in the city of Minsk);
• arrange for interpretation services for Canadian nationals involved in the Program;
• organize business trips of Belarus nationals to Canada;
• assists Belarus nationals with visa formalities;
• help clear equipment and goods imported into Belarus under the Program from customs;
• provide Canadian specialists with telephone and fax communications facilities and Internet access during their stay in Belarus;
• bank services;
• establish communication among Belarus and Canadian partners;
• provide Internet access;
• prepare a draft of routine Office budget;
• carry out such other activities that fall within his/ her competence as are necessary to ensure effective implementation of the Program.

The above methods of implementing the Project depend on uninterruptible communication via the telephone, fax and Internet with all Committee members, IDRC regional office, institutional project proposal drafters and executors of projects being implemented under the Program for the purpose of obtaining, processing and disseminating information about the Program.

The processing of information and documents was carried out with the aid of a PC and other office equipment (scanner, copier, etc.). Program-related information as well as other useful information relating to this field was retrieved from/ posted on the Internet via Internet connection. IDRC specialists and Committee were provided with transportation means.

The Program Office was created in the premises of the EkologiaInvest Center for International Environmental Projects, Certification and Audit affiliated with the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus. It should be noted that this organization began implementing the Program long before the official signing of the contract for Project works and consequently long before the date on which financing was made available. Thus, persons directly involved in the Project made necessary arrangements and organized the signing of the Memorandum (agreement) on the provision and use of targeted non-repayable financial assistance (grant assistance) directed toward implementing the Development of the Belarus Dnipro Basin Environmental Management and Control System Program, which took place in March 2000. In addition, they obtained the Economy Ministry’s approval of UNDP Project documents (under this Program and the GEF Regional Program), made necessary arrangements to form the Committee and hold its initial three meetings with the participation of IDRC representatives.

Since the commencement date of the Specialized Field Studies of the Belarus Dnipro Basin Water Quality Project being implemented under the Program could not be postponed because of the international scope of the Project and seasonality of such studies, the Office offered its support for the Project and started administering funds as early as September 11, 2000 before the contract was actually signed by the IDRC and the executing agency and funding was made available as noted above. Aside from this, pursuant to its goals and objectives, the Office made a rough appraisal of concepts and project proposals submitted under the Program, provided advice on how to bring them into line with the IDRC and UNDP requirements, prepared them for presentation and approval at the Committee meetings while continuing to administer Project funds and performing all above-mentioned duties in accordance with prescribed methods. Thus, by December 12, 2000, that is, before the contract signature date (6/02/2001) and the date on which Project funds were credited to the UN Representative Office account (15/03/2001) the first phase of field water quality studies had been completed and approvals had been obtained for financing concepts of several projects, namely, the Specialized Field Studies of the Belarus Dnipro Basin Water Quality (Phase 2), Creation of the Center for Automated Water Conservation Information Exchange, and the Development of the Geographic Information System for Managing Belarus Dnipro Basin Water Quality”.

It should also be pointed out that despite the lack of financing the Office kept operating and discharged its duties relying on its own resources and using available EkologiaInvest’s equipment and materials.

The Office began purchasing equipment in accordance with the Project Proposal as soon as the IDRC started disbursing funds. Pursuant the UNDP’s requirement the equipment was purchased by the UN representative Office in Belarus through a tendering procedure and in accordance with the Technical Specifications (see appendixes I and II).

Table 1 specifies equipment purchased and purposes for which it is being used.

According to the current UNDP requirements and procedures, this equipment belongs to the UN Representative Office (Belarus) (until the Program completion date) and is accounted for in the Program consolidated equipment list. The Project executing agency uses this equipment on a temporary and free-of- charge basis. Upon completion of the Program jointly executed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and the IDRC, the equipment will become the property of the EkologiaInvest Institution and will be used by the Program Office during the final phase of the Regional UNDP-GEF Program for developing of the Dnipro Basin Strategic Action Program.

Among those directly involved in the Project were the Program National Director designated by the Committee meeting of September 7, 2000 (see Item 5 of the meeting final decision), Executive Secretary of the Committee and the driver.

All the Project executors, who are qualified specialists in their respective fields, duly performed all the duties conferred upon them. The location of the Office within the Center for International Environmental Projects, Certification and Audit and the involvement in the Project of the Center’s specialists (Center Director and Principal Specialist) and, subsequently, of employees of several projects run by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection had a positive impact on the Project and Program coordination activities in general. This helped to ensure interaction between individual international technical assistance projects in the environment field currently implemented in the Republic of Belarus and the Program as well as to exchange experiences gained in the course of the Program and these projects. However, it should be noted that in the future financial and economic duties of the Program Office staff must be separated from their managerial functions. This will lead to even greater staff efficiency and will involve hiring additional manpower. Table 2 contains a list of Project participants.

Table 2. PROJECT PARTICIPANTS

In the course of its work, the Office ensured the implementation of the Program major objectives. The main Project results are as follows:

1. The Office involved on a competitive basis state organizations of the Republic of Belarus, civic associations, higher educational institutions and scientific research institutes in the implementation of Program-related project proposals. Interested organizations were advised on requirements for preparation and submission of project proposals and on project implementation mechanisms.

2. The Office facilitated the creation and activities of the Program Scientific Council affiliated with the Committee and called upon to make a scientific assessment of submitted project proposals and of major results of accomplished projects. To ensure compliance with the IDRC and UNDP requirements the Office provided advice to the Council when the latter was making scientific assessments.

3. The following projects were implemented:

3.1. “Identification of needs: analysis of water conservation legislation and experience and development of conceptual approaches to the Dnipro River water quality management and improvement”. Executing agency: Civic Association “Belarus Engineering Academy”

3.2. “Specialized Field Studies of the Dnipro Basin Water Quality”. Executing agency: Republican Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Institute for Integrated Use of Natural Resources”;

3.3. “Specialized Field Studies of the Dnipro Basin Water Quality (Phase 2)”. Executing agency: Republican Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Institute for the Integrated Use of Natural Resources”; (The results of the Belarus field study carried out as part of the Bilateral Ministry of Natural Resources/ IDRC Field Study Program served as the basis for a book, which is currently in print.)

3.4. Creation of the Center for Automated Water Conservation Information Exchange. Executing agency: Republican Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Institute for Integrated Use of Natural Resources”;

3.5. Development of the Geographic Information System for Managing Belarus Dnipro Basin Water Quality”. Executing agency: Republican Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Institute for Integrated Use of Natural Resources” (The Project has been completed, the final technical report having been highly assessed and endorsed at the National Committee meeting on February 6, 2004.);

3.6. “Development of the Water Ecosystem and Water Ecosystem Biodiversity Integrated Assessment System for Specially Protected Areas of the Dnipro Basin”. Executing agency: Inter-Agency Center for the Study of Problems of National Parks and Nature Reserves affiliated with Belarus State University.

The Office also monitored the implementation of the above projects and administered their funding.

4. In light of the results of the above projects and in view of funds savings a decision was made to endorse funding for the Project “Assessment of the Current Status of Drinking Groundwater Sources in the Dnipro Basin and of Natural Protectibility of Groundwater in the Belarus and Ukrainian Dnipro Basins”. Executing agency: Republican Unitary Enterprise “Central Scientific Research Institute for the Integrated Use of Natural Resources”. Despite a very short execution period (from October 2003 to February 2004), the Project report has already been submitted to the Russian and Ukrainian National Committees for endorsement. The Belarus National Committee has already made a high appraisal of and approved the Project technical report by its decision of February 6, 2004)

Aside from the main executing agencies listed above, the Program represents a collective effort of over 15 Belarus organizations such as the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Belarus, oblast and Minsk city committees for natural resources and environmental protection, Hydrometeorology Department, Republican Center for Radiological Control and Environmental Monitoring of the Hydrometeorology Department, organizations accountable to the Ministry of Health and the Housing and Communal Services Ministry, State Unitary Enterprise “National Cadastre Agency”, Institute for the Study of Problems Related to the Natural Resources Utilization and Ecology (NAS Belarus), Zoology Institute (NAS Belarus), Berezinskiy Biosphere Reserve, and the Scientific Hydroecology Laboratory of the Belarus State University.

5. Under one of the Program main objectives requiring the establishment of management bodies of the GEF Program which will manage the GEF Program funds in the Republic of Belarus, the Office acted as a coordinating body for projects being implemented in the Republic of Belarus under the GEF Program and coordinated participation of Belarus experts in all the components of this Program, namely:

5.1. The Office created Belarus working expert groups to work on focal (thematic) issues of the Program. It also ensured the participation of leaders of these groups in a series of coordination meetings devoted to focal activities as well as the participation of Belarus members of working groups in meetings of international working groups and in projects addressing focal issues.

5.2. The Office facilitated the creation in Belarus of regional activity centers for clean production and pollution prevention and control. Also, a number of events were organized as part of the center’s activities such as working groups’ meetings to review the centers’ work results and work schedules, study tours outside of Ukraine for specialists, participation in international conferences devoted to the above issues. In addition, the Office managed the centers’ maintenance funds.

The Office administered funding for the Creation of the Environmental Management System at the Open Joint-Stock Company Mozyrsol Project implemented by the Clean Production Center.

5.3. The Office assisted in the implementation of a number of biodiversity projects (administration of project funds), namely:

Overview of the legislative and regulatory framework governing biodiversity conservation of the Dnipro Basin and mobilization of public participation and support”. Executing Agency: Educational Institution “Management and Social Technologies Department”, Belarus State University;

“Scientific substantiation of the creation of a protected area in the Dnipro River flood-lands (Zhlobin – Rechitsa stretch) which forms part of the Dnipro River environmental network”. Executing agency: Civic Association “Akhova Ptushak Belarusi”;

“Analysis of forest exploitation and management in the context of conservation of the Dnipro Basin biological and landscape diversity”. Executing agency: State Scientific Institution “V.F.Kuprevich Experimental Botany Institute, NAS Belarus”.

5.4. The Office was involved in preparatory work for the Improvement of Internet Connection of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection” Project and administered the Project funds;

5.5. Contest of project proposals under the Small Grants Program for nongovernmental organizations. Assessment of submitted project proposals and maintenance (monitoring) of selected projects, namely:
“Status of near-shore aquatic and meadowland vegetation of the Dnipro River flood-lands in the vicinity of large industrial developments of the Gomel Region”. Executing agency: Gomel City Environmental Youth Association Polesiye;
“The Dnipro River: its history and future. Folklore and educational tour along the banks of the Dnipro Basin rivers”. Executing agency: International Civic Association Ecosfera”;
“Production of the film about ecological problems of the Belarus Dnipro River”. Executing agency: Civic Association EcoMir Fund;
“Let us save the Dnipro River through public participation”. Executing agency: Civic Association EcoPravo;
“Bio-environmental monitoring, water protection and environmental rehabilitation of the Dnipro Basin”. Executing agency: A.D.Sakharov International Environmental University (Republican Center of Public Ecological and Educational Monitoring Network);
“National Dnipro River week in Belarus”. Executing agency: Civic Youth Association “Environmental Initiative Belaya Rus”;
“Let us Bring Up an Ecologically Conscious Person. Publication of methodological guidelines for ecology lessons in infant schools”. Executing agency: International Civic Association Ecoyurexpert.
As a result, three executing agencies were singled out for their high performance - the International Civic Association Ecoyurexpert, the Civic Youth Association “Environmental Initiative Belaya Rus”, and the Civic Association EcoPravo; Their representatives were awarded Small Grants Program diplomas at the National Committee meeting of February 6, 2004.

5.6. Administration of project funds. Belarus NGOs Forum on Dnipro River Environmental Problems Project.

5.7. The Office executed the Project (administered funds) Holding of the International Forum of Belarus, Russian and Ukrainian NGOs on Dnipro River Environmetal Problems. The Forum provided an opportunity for the civil communities of the three countries to discuss their proposals for the SAP (October 29-31, 2003)

5.8. The Office involved Belarus experts in the preparation of the Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis, Program key thematic reports and implementation of some projects implemented under the Program and coordinated by the Russian and Ukrainian sides.

5.9.Coordination of works under the Belarus component of the UNIDO project – identification of the so-called industrial and agricultural “hot spots”, analysis and assessment of [waste] management policy and operating rules for use of industrial waste sedimentation tanks (reservoirs).

5.10. Coordination of works under the IAEA’s Program component.

5.11. Necessary arrangements were made to ensure participation of Belarus representatives in the first meeting of the Dnipro Basin Council.

5.12. Arrangements were made to present the Belarus component of the Program at the 5th Pan-European Conference “Environment for Europe” (May 21-23, 2003, Kiev)

5.13. Arrangements were made to ensure participation of Belarus experts (Interministerial Committee) in the preparation of the Strategic Action Program and national action plans on the Dnipro Basin environmental rehabilitation.
From July through October 2003, the Program Office organized and conducted three meetings of the Inter-Ministerial Committee responsible for SAP/NAP formulation. Of these, two meetings were held on site (July 2003 – in the Mogiliov city and October 2003 in the Molodechenskiy District). Also at the same time, the Office organized several meetings of NAP/SAP formulation working groups.

5.14. Organization of the 2nd meeting of the International Dnipro Council in the Republic of Belarus (November 25-26, 2003). Among those attending were 60 representatives from Belarus, Russia and Ukraine. The meeting had a significant influence on the Program implementation process and was greatly appreciated by both the IDBC session participants and the Program leadership.

5.15.Organization in Belarus of a number of meetings and scientific and practical seminars devoted to the implementation of Program major components, including a meeting of the Joint Program Management Committee. Participation of Belarus experts (i.e. Committee members and working group members) in meetings and seminars held in Russia and Ukraine.

5.16. Arrangement and holding on a regular basis of 12 meetings of the Program Management Committee in Belarus. Throughout its operational period - from September 2000 to March 2004 - the Office organized 13 National Committee meetings. See Appendix III for the meeting minutes. The signed copies of the minutes, appendices thereto and meeting materials are being kept at the Office and are available upon request.

5.17. Organizational support for all foreign experts visiting Belarus under the Program. In particular, the Office received and assisted the IDRC consultant who examined the Belarus environmental protection system, notably water conservation, to develop recommendations on the improvement of this system and to identify possible avenues of cooperation between the IDRC and national organizations involved in water conservation efforts[1]. The Office also organized visits to examine opportunities for establishing computer linkages among water management institutions and scientific laboratories of the riparian countries and prospects for designing GIS water quality information systems. In addition, the Office organized a visit of the IDRC auditor Mr. David Horn who assessed progress in implementing the Program.

5.18. Continuous administration of Program funds in compliance with the IDRC requirements (analysis, updating and advice on the preparation of project budgets; preparation of financial briefs; control over budget items; analysis and preparation of reports on actual total Program expenditures and UNDP account balances) and the UNDP’s requirements (regular review of the Program budget; preparation of direct payment requests; preparation of requests for equipment purchases and equipment specifications; coordination of conclusion of agreements on directed financing of executing agencies (advance payments); preparation of financing reports; issuance of business travel warrants, preparation of travel warrant payment requests; preparation of contract requests and contract award documentation for contractors, etc.). All basic financial documents, documents prepared in the UNDP format and fiancial reports are being kept at the Office in a systematized manner and are available for auditing. Program financial activities were audited on an annual basis by a company hired for this purpose by the UNDP representative office (Belarus).

5.19. The general public was constantly brought up to date on the Program progress: submission of information to the Program Information Bulletin and Belarus periodicals; and participation in national radio and television broadcasts. The Belarus mass media were kept informed about all important Program activities in Belarus through weekly announcements issued by the UNDP representative office (Belarus) (Week Ahead). Information on the Program activities was posted on websites of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection and UNDP representative office (Belarus). Also, a number of interviews were given to the Russian and Ukrainian radio and periodicals.

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[1] The EkologiaInvest Institution and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection would very much appreciate it if you could share with them the results of Ms. Anzhela Markova’s work which could be used to improve the Belarus water management system and in future cooperation with various international financial organizations. We would be very grateful to the IDRC if it would help us obtain these materials.

Since all major goals and objectives of the Program have been achieved, its individual components have been or are being successfully implemented, its funds have been used efficiently and for their intended purposes, and since the Office has been performing all its duties, the Project progress must be considered successful.

Since the Program Management Office was created to meet the Committee’s needs, the users of the results achieved by the Office and of the Program results in general include organizations and government agencies whose members serve on the Committee as well as all other organizations involved in the Program. Taking into account the GEF Program components, the total number of Project users exceeds 30 Belarus organizations as well as several Russian and Ukrainian organizations which implemented projects assisted by Belarus specialists.

The Office experience has been and will be used by the EkologiaInvest Institution and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection in future environmental technical assistance projects to be implemented in the Republic of Belarus.

As a matter of fact, the Project enables specialists to gain necessary hands-on expertise in implementing similar projects such as those sponsored by the IDRC, CIDA and UNDP/GEF.